MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

• Motivation: a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior 

Motivation 

• Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors 
• Drive-Reduction Theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need 
• we are not only pushed by our needs, but pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior 

Hunger

• hunger is both physiological and psychological 

Biological Basis of Hunger

• hunger does NOT come from our stomach 
• hunger comes from our brain; the hypothalamus 

Hypothalamus 

• Lateral Hypothalamus: when stimulated it makes you hungry 
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus: when stimulated you feel full 

Eating Disorders 

• Bulimia Nervosa: characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food) 
• Anorexia Nervosa: starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight
• see themselves as fat 
• vast majority are women

Achievement Motivation 

• Intrinsic Motivators: rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction 
• Extrinsic Motivators: reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc.) 
• work great in the short run 

Management Theories

• Theory X: manager believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
• think employees are extrinsically motivated 
• only interested in Maslow's lower needs 
• Theory Y: managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive 
• interested in Maslow's higher needs

When Motives Conflict 

• approach-approach conflict 
• avoidance-avoidance conflict 
• approach-avoidance conflict 
• multiple approach-avoidance conflicts 

Approach-Approach Conflict 

• when one must choose between two desirable or attractive goals

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 

• it refers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 

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Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts